消逝的阿尔卑斯山美景

文献来源：俞孔坚. 消逝的阿尔卑斯山美景[J]. 景观设计学, 2010(3):20-23.

此时早上6点整，我坐在瑞士阿尔卑斯山的核心区内Gimmelwald的一家叫Mittaghorn的小客栈里，对面便是海拔4158m的处女峰（Jungfau）和以绮丽的高山冰川为保护对象的世界自然遗产地，阳光刚将雪峰顶部照亮，金灿灿的。从河谷底部算起，处女峰的垂直高度有近千米，三挂银色的瀑布从雪线处直泄而下，跌入山谷之中，回荡着轰鸣。至少有10来种不同的鸟声此起彼伏，和着来自山谷里轰鸣的低音，高唱着清丽而委婉的歌；开满各色鲜花的高山牧场，从断崖处绕过我的房子、沿山坡一直向上延伸到云杉林的边缘，薄雾在那里飘荡着……一切如童话般美丽。而我却担心无需多久，眼前的景色将不复存在。这种担心起于前天晚上与英国滑翔爱好者Tim的对话。Tim每年夏天都要到这家旅馆，帮助老房东Walter先生打理客栈，同时尽情于自己的滑翔爱好，对气候变化的感知如春江中的水鸭，最有发言权。他说，10年来他看到处女峰上的冰川在不断后退，至今已退却近300m之多，而且速度在加快，近年来每到初夏便河水暴涨，泥石流和洪灾频发，工程师们不得不忙于用工程措施排泄湖水，以防水灾。

冰川是全球气候变化最敏感的指示性景观，事实上气候变化带来的影响已无处不在。个中原因莫衷一是，但不可否认的是人类燃烧化石能源排放过多的CO2显然是主要罪魁。而最新的研究表明，近年来人类活动导致大气中碳浓度提高的速度是以往研究结果的3倍，极地冰川的消融速度是以往担心的速度的3倍，海平面上升的速度也在加倍，物种在以每小时4种的速度消失，科学家说我们正经历着一个自恐龙灭绝以来最大的物种灭绝期，潜在消失的物种中也可能包括人类。当许多沿海城市甚至包括整个国家将面临淹没、或遭受洪水频繁袭击的同时，地球上的许多河流将干枯，风沙将吞涅许多美丽的城市和乡村。对此，我们每个人虽无须杞人忧天，却绝不可置若罔闻。明白处境，积极应对，便是任何一个人所应持有的态度，并在逐渐成为当代人类关于自然和社会的基本伦理的一部分。

事实上，人类从来就没有过安逸不变的生存环境，所谓生于忧患，死于安乐，人类自生便是全球气候 变化的产物。遥想人类祖先，如不是全球气候变冷，冰川入侵，热带丛林消失，至今或为人猿树栖于丛林 类同于猩猩，何以至此，适应也，适应是这里的关键词，适应是生存之道。

当然，对未来气候变化和海平面上升等的适应方式不是让人回到水里而成为鱼鳖，或与沙漠骆驼为伍，与其他物种不同的是，文明的遗产和文化的特质延伸了人的适应能力，而景观的设计和改造活动是这种适应文化最核心和最宏大的部分，也是人类留在大地上最可标识的部分（及文化景观）：从先民们游走于林缘和湿地边沿猎采食物的景观感知和地形设计，到有巢氏及鲁班后代们的搭屋建城，再到大禹和李冰父子们引水排洪、修堤作堰，以及遍布世界各个角落的人们的修路造地，驯养家畜和配置作物、林果，人类对土地及土地上物体所构成的景观的监护、利用、改造和创造活动使人类得以与自然的格局和过程相适应，从而得以生存、繁衍，并昌盛至今。因此，景观设计首先是生存的艺术，过去是，今天是，未来更应该是。

千百年来，各种文明都在贵族阶层及其消遣文化的引导下发明和发展了各种风格的造园艺术，其共同的目的是设计和创造隔离于现实世界的天堂和乐园，远离尘世的世外桃源。当代景观设计则因面对和解决现实世界的问题而孕育、而发展，其哲学是入世而非出世。2008年美国景观设计协会发表了“关于全球气候变化的宣言”（Statement on Climate Change，2008）即申明了景观设计师的立场和责任：景观设计师可以通过各种尺度的土地的科学规划和利用，精明的社区规划和设计，通过诸如雨洪利用、屋顶花园、以及低维护景观的营建技术，使人类减少对矿物能源的依赖，倡导低碳和零碳生活方式，并使我们的城市和乡村避免异常气候带来的自然灾害的侵扰。

本人强调应对气候变化的两大战略，其一是空间战略，即我们必须改变现有的城市空间发展规划模式，这种基于“人口—城市规模—土地利用—基础设施建设”推动城市扩张的模式使土地生命系统的生态服务机能受到彻底破坏，同时使城市依赖耗费化石能源、机械地依赖人工系统来维持，导致碳排放无止尽增长。新的空间发展模式必须建立在生态基础设施之上，利用自然系统提供生态系统服务，让自然做功，使得城市成为有自然生命机能的城市。这种空间的规划方法论我把它称为“反规划”；其二是一种美学的战略和设计的战略，即我们必须改变我们世代流传的、源于贵族审美传统的高贵与“精致”的品位观，而倡导寻常与“粗野”的品位观。这种美学建立在环境与生态伦理之上，同时源于人类的内心深处，而非世俗教化。我将这种美学称为“大脚美学”或“低碳美学”。它使我们懂得如何以无需维护的野草为美，如何以丰产的庄稼为美，如何以真实的土地和平常而实用的景观为美，而非娇贵的观赏花木为美，它告诉我们，珍贵而美丽的礼物无需光鲜的包装。

此时，刺眼的阳光已覆盖整座处女峰，薄雾已经消失，野花上的露水已蒸发并显得惨淡而陈旧，晨鸟的歌唱也已消停，我悲哀地感到，美景在消退，同时消退的是对人类未来的憧憬与光辉，怀疑人类是否已被上帝遗弃入消失的物种之列。好在圣经教导说，“上帝只救助那些自救的人们。”想办法节约地生活以减少碳排放，想办法适应由于气候变化带来的新的景观格局与自然过程，以减少自然灾害带来的破坏，这便是生存之道。而诚如麦克哈格高呼的：景观设计就是告诉人们如何生存的！

俞孔坚

2010年6月5日

于瑞士处女峰下的Mittaghorn客栈

Vanishing Beauty of Alps

At 6 in the morning I was sitting in Mittaghorn Hotel in Gimmelwald——the heart of Alps in Switzerland. Looking out of the window I saw the 4, 158-meter-high Jungfau and the grand Alpine Glaciers, an UNESCO world natural heritage site. The snow covered peak was shining in the sunlight. From the bottom of the valley, Jungfau is nearly 1,000 meters high with three silver waterfalls roaring down into the valley from the snow line. At least 10 different types of birds were singing one after another, in harmony with the roar in the valley, composing a euphonious and graceful song. The Alpine pasture full of colorful flowers surrounded my house from the cliff and extended along the hillside up to the edge of a spruce forest until fading in the mist. All these resembled a fairyland. But what I worried was that the amazing scenery in front of my eyes would no longer exist in a short time. This fear came after a talk with a gliding enthusiast from UK named Tim. Tim came here to help the owner Mr. Walter manage his hotel every summer and meanwhile indulge in his gliding. A poem says that“The duck knows first when the river becomes warm in spring”. In the same way Tim was really sensitive to the climate change occurring in this region. He witnessed that the glaciers on Jungfau had been continuously melting almost 300 meters in the last decade, and the trend of the retreat was increasingly accelerated in recent years. Consequently the rivers flooded in early summer and mud slide occurred frequently. Engineers became constantly busy combating the flooding.

As an indicative landscape, Glaciers are the most sensitive to global climate change. In fact, the impact of climate change could be found everywhere. As reasons varied widely as to the cause, no unanimous conclusion could be drawn. But it was undeniable that the burning of fossil fuel and the resulting emission of carbon dioxide was one of the main reasons. The latest research showed that in recent years, human activities increased the carbon concentration in the atmosphere; and the speed of carbonizing was three times greater than before. Polar glaciers are retreating three times faster than scientists had previously suspected. Sea level was rising at double the speed and four species were being driven to extinction per hour. Scientists thought we were going through a terrible age that mass species had been driven to extinction since the dinosaurs disappeared; and the potential extinction of species included humans. Although many coastal cities and even the entire countries were going to face a flood or frequently suffer from flood damage, many of the rivers on earth were becoming dry and a wasteland, and desertification was devouring lots of beautiful cities and villages. In this regard, although we may still survive through our generation, we could not turn a deaf ear to that as a human being. Understanding the situation and responding positively should be our attitude and this attitude should become a basic ethic of human beings about nature and society.

Actually people never had a cozy and unchanged living environment. Just as the saying goes “Mess with the best, die like the rest”, the first people were a product of global climate change. By looking back to human ancestors, we would see that glacier encroachment and the disappearance of tropical jungles made Homo Sapiens evolved, otherwise we would have been still living on the tree together with monkeys. Why did this happen? Fitting and adaptation is the key.

Of course the adaptation to future climate change and sea level rise did not force people to go back in water like fishes and turtles or to come along with camels in the desert. What made Homo Sapiens different from other species was that the heritage of civilization and the characteristic of culture enhanced people’s adaptability to the changing environment. Landscape design and adaptive shaping of the land were not only the core or the grandest components of the culture of adaptability, but also the most telling way of how people survived. From the landscape perception and terrain design of our ancestors walking and hunting for food at the edge of the forest and wetland, to the houses and cities built by later generations of Youchao-shi and Luban, water delivery, flood discharge and construction of mounds and weirs by Yu the Great and LiBin and his son, to roads, land rehabilitation, domestic animals, crops and fruits all over the world, the inspection, utilization, transformation and creation of the land and landscapes enabled people to adapt, survive, reproduce and prosper during natural evolution to this day. Therefore landscape architecture was primarily an art of survival in the past, today, and certainly even more true in the future. For thousands of years, the varieties of civilizations under guidance of aristocracy’s entertainment culture invented and developed many gardening arts, which aimed to design and create a heaven or paradise away from the real world. Aiming at meeting and solving problems of the real world, contemporary landscape architecture was bred and developed with a philosophy of facing the world rather than on how to leave the world behind. In 2008, ASLA (American Society of Landscape Architects) released “Statement on Climate Change, 2008” emphasizing the position and responsibilities of landscape architects: through a variety of scientific land planning and utilizing, the smart community planning and designing such as stormwater management, roof gardens and low-maintenance landscape constructions, people would reduce their dependence on fossil energy resources, prompting a low-carbon and carbon-neutral lifestyle while preventing our cities and villages from natural disasters caused by abnormal climate change.

I stressed two strategies to address global climate change. One was a spatial strategy. We had to reconfigure the spatial pattern of urban development and the existing urban development approach based on the conventional “population--land utilization--infrastructure construction” model, which ignore the existing landscape pattern and processes had destroyed the function of landscape as a living system, resulting an artificial urban system that consumes massive fossil fuels and natural resources to make it work and that leads to an endless growth of carbon emissions. We need to reverse this congenital urban growth approach, and a “Negative Approach” is needed that allows our city to be planned, designed and maintained based on the nature’s services secured through ecological infrastructure. The other strategy is an aesthetic strategy and design strategy. We had to change our aristocracy’s taste based aesthetic and promote a new aesthetic characterized with simple and “nude” or “messy” taste. It was based on the awareness of the environment and ecological ethics, reflecting human beings’ instinct rather than a secular “gentrification.” I called it “big foot aesthetics” or “low-carbon aesthetics”. It taught us how to enjoy the true beauty of maintenance-free weeds, the productive crops, the real land and working landscapes instead of the delicate ornamental flowers. It taught us that precious and beautiful gift did not need a flashy packaging.

At this time the glare of the sun was enshrouding the whole Jungfau and the mist was dissipating. Dews on the wildflowers had evaporated and looked pale and worn. Morning birds stopped singing. I felt sad because this beautiful scenery was degenerating and at the same time my hope for the future and glory was fading away. I wondered if people had been abandoned by God into the extinction list of species. Fortunately the Bible told us “God helps those who help themselves”. Try to live a low-carbon life and adapt to the new landscape patterns and natural processes that result from climate change and try to make friends with the natural forces to reduce their harm, these were our survival rules. Landscape architecture is what McHarg declared, a profession that helps people to survive!

Kongjian YU

At Mittaghorn Hotel by Jungfau, Switzerland

June 5, 2010